Wars and Battles
Except for the first couple of sections, I've attempted to present this page in chronological
order – categorised by subject.
See also World War I,
World War II (Index),
Wars and Battles: Timeline.
Which War?
In this section, each answer is the name of a war.
Ended in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia (the collective name for the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück) |
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Thirty Years War |
Name used in the English colonies for the North American theatre of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13) |
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Queen Anne's War |
1739–48: arose from an incident in 1731 on board the brig Rebecca, related to Spanish attempts to
prevent Britain trading with Spanish colonies. Subsumed, after 1742, in the War of the Austrian Succession |
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War of Jenkins' Ear |
Name used in the English colonies for the North American theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession (1744–8) |
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King George's War |
Series of battles and raids fought among Maoris in New Zealand, in the early 19th century: seen as an example
of the "fatal impact" of indigenous contact with European settlers |
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Musket Wars |
1807–14: Britain supports Spain and Portugal against Napoleon's invasion |
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Peninsular War |
Seen by many British historians as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars: included the Burning of Washington,
when British troops occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings, including the White House (then known as the Presidential
Mansion) and the Capitol |
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War of 1812 |
The Battle of Navarino (1827) – when an Ottoman and Egyptian fleet was heavily defeated by a combined
Russian, British and French fleet – was a major turning point in the War of Independence fought by |
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Greece |
Fought in the 1850s on the shores of the Black Sea |
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Crimean War |
The Lancashire cotton famine coincided with, and was party caused by, the |
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American Civil War |
The greatest number of Victoria Crosses to be awarded for actions on in a single day is 24, the day in question
being 16 November 1857 – during the |
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Indian Rebellion / Mutiny |
Austria v. Prussia, 1866: ostensibly over Schleswig–Holstein, but in reality engineered by Bismark in
order to establish Prussia's succession over Austria as the most powerful German state |
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Seven Weeks' War |
1870: conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German states, over control of the southern
German states; the swift German victory led to the downfall of Napoleon III of France, the establishment of the Paris Commune and the
proclamation of the Third Republic |
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Franco–Prussian War |
Stromburg, Colenso (1899), Diamond Hill (1900) |
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Second Boer War |
The terms 'Commando' and 'concentration camp' were first used during the |
Ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging (1902) |
Soviet invasion of Finland, November 1939 – led to the Soviet Union's expulsion from the League of Nations |
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Winter War |
Alternative name for the third Arab–Israeli war, of 1967, when Israel captured the Golan Heights |
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Six–Day War |
Ended by the Paris Peace Accords – signed on 27 January 1973 |
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Vietnam War |
Alternative name for the fourth Arab–Israeli war, of October 1973, when Israeli forces were taken by surprise
on the holiest day of their year |
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Yom Kippur War |
Treaties of Paris
Beware of questions that ask which war was ended by the Treaty of Paris. Wikipedia
listed almost 40 Treaties of Paris – at the last count! Here are some of the better–known ones:
Year |
|
Ended |
1229 |
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|
1763 |
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Seven Years War |
1783 |
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American War of Independence |
1815 |
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Napoleonic Wars (following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo ) |
1856 |
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Crimean War |
1898 |
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Spanish–American War |
The last one wasn't actually about a war:
1951 |
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Established the European Coal and Steel Community (expired 2002) |
The Ancient World
490 BC: the Athenians, supported by Plataea, inflict a crushing defeat on the more numerous Persians – marking
a watershed in the Greco–Persian wars, ending the First Persian Invasion and showing the Greeks that the Persians could be beaten |
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Marathon |
480 BC: a Greek force (led by 300 Spartans under Leonidas I) held off a much larger Persian army led by Xerxes I |
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Thermopylae |
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) |
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Athens vs. Sparta |
Punic Wars (264–241 BC, 218–202 BC, 149–146 BC) |
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Rome vs. Carthage |
216 BC: Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman force – one of the greatest feats in military history,
and the Roman Empire's second greatest defeat |
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Cannae |
202 BC (modern Tunisia): Scipio defeats Hannibal and his elephants, ending the Second Punic War –
Hannibal's only defeat |
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Zama |
105 BC (Gaul): the Roman Empire's greatest defeat |
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Arausio |
Opposed Julius Caesar in the Roman Civil War, 49–45 BC |
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Pompey |
42 BC: the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate: a decisive victory for Mark Antony and Octavian
over Brutus and Cassius |
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Philippi |
Augustus (Octavian) defeated Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at |
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Actium |
King of the Silurians, defeated at Clunbury Hill, AD 51 and taken to Rome |
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Caradog (Caractacus) |
Alfred the Great
May 878: Alfred the Great routs the army of Guthrum, king of the Danelaw Vikings, who converted to Christianity
under the terms of the resulting treaty and took the name Æthelstan |
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Battle of Edington |
The Crusades
First Crusade – called by Pope Urban II, in response to a plea from Byzantine emperor Alexius I to defend
his empire against the Seljuk Turks; captured Antioch in 1098 and Jerusalem in 1099 |
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1095–9 |
Second Crusade – called by Pope Eugene III in response to the fall of the County of Edessa, which was
established during the First Crusade – led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany |
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1145–9 |
Third Crusade – called by Pope Gregory VIII – led by Philip II of France, Richard I of England,
and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, after Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 |
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1189–92 |
Fourth Crusade – called by Pope Innocent III |
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1201–4 |
There were various other, later campaigns that were known as Crusades.
Wikipedia lists 15 crusades
that reached the Holy Land, before the fall of Acre in 1291 brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there; but confusingly, only
eight or nine of them are given ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.). The Eighth Crusade was launched by Louis IX of France against
the city of Tunis in 1270, and was extended by one led by the future King Edward I of England. The latter is known either as the Ninth Crusade or Lord Edward's Crusade. It saw some impressive victories over Baibars, the 4th Sultan
of Egypt, but Edward was forced to withdraw, unable to resolve the internal conflicts within the remnant Outremer territories.
The Ninth Crusade (Lord Edward's Crusade) took place in the years 1271 and 1272, and while Edward
was away, his father (Henry III) died. Edward didn't hurry back, and was crowned on his return to England in 1274.
Other crusades that Wikipedia lists as having taken place in the Holy
Land between 1096 and 1291 (but don't have ordinal numbers) are the Crusades
of 1101, 1197 and 1267, and the Norwegian, Venetian and Barons' Crusades.
And it didn't even stop there ... (for more details, please refer to
Wikipedia).
Kurdish military leader, the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 1175–93; re–captured Jerusalem from the
Christians in 1187, after defeating the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin; defeated by Richard I (the Lionheart) in 1191 at the Battle of Arsuf;
made peace with Richard in 1192 after the Battle of Jaffa; died in 1193 |
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Saladin |
1066 and All That
20 September 1066 (near York): King Harald Hardrada of Norway, and his English Tostig Godwinson (brother of
Harold II of England) defeat Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria |
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Fulford |
25 September 1066 (also near York): Harold II of England defeated his brother Tostig and King Harald Hardrada of
Norway |
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Stamford Bridge |
14 October 1066: fought on or near Senlac Hill; the first time crossbows are known to have been used in England;
celebrated by the Bayeux Tapestry |
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Hastings |
1264: Simon de Montfort captures Henry III |
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Lewes |
1403: Henry IV defeats a rebellion led by Henry Percy (Hotspur) and his uncle, Thomas Percy; the Prince of Wales
(the future Henry V) is seriously wounded with an arrow in the face |
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Shrewsbury |
England and Ireland
King of Ireland, defeated the Vikings, but was himself killed, at the Battle of Clontarf (1014) |
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Brian Boru |
Nickname of Richard de Clare, 12th–Century Earl of Pembroke who helped Henry II in the conquest of Ireland |
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Strongbow |
1 July 1690: William III defeated James II, near Drogheda, Co. Louth, after the latter rallied Irish Catholics
to his cause |
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Battle of the Boyne |
21 June 1798: British troops attacked an Irish rebel camp in Co. Wexford |
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Battle of Vinegar Hill |
England and Scotland
11 Sep 1297: the Scots under William Wallace defeated the English at |
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Stirling Bridge |
Wallace was finally defeated, in 1298, at |
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Falkirk |
1314 battle commemorated in the 1966 "folk" song Flower of Scotland (not
Flodden Field) |
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Bannockburn |
Led the Scots to victory over the English at Bannockburn (1314) |
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Robert the Bruce |
Leader of the defeated English troops at Bannockburn |
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Edward II |
Bannockburn is 2 miles south of |
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Stirling |
9 September 1513: English under the Earl of Surrey defeated the Scots near Coldstream,
Northumberland; many Scots, including King James IV, were killed; commemorated in the traditional song The Flowers of the Forest
(not Flower of Scotland) |
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Flodden (Field) |
14 November 1542: an army raised by James V of Scotland was defeated by the troops sent by Henry VIII of England
|
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Solway Moss |
Hundred Years War (1337–1453)
1346: Edward III defeated Philip VI of France |
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Crecy |
"Let the boy win his spurs" – Edward III (of the Black Prince) before |
1356: Edward the Black Prince defeated John II of France |
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Poitiers |
1415: Henry V won the hand of Catherine of Valois |
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Agincourt |
Fought on St. Crispin's Day (25 Oct 1415) near the village of Maisonelle |
Meanwhile ...
15 July 1410: the Teutonic Order of knights (founded during the Crusades to help Christian pilgrims to
the Holy Land) was defeated by a combined Polish and Lithuanian army, resulting in the loss of most of its power; one of the largest
battles in medieval Europe, and one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland, Lithuania and Belarus; referred to in
both Nazi and Soviet propaganda in the 20th century |
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Grunwald |
Wars of the Roses (1455–85)
There is a common misconception that the Wars of the Roses were fought between Lancashire and Yorkshire. Although I have no problem with
cricket matches between those two counties being known by analogy as 'the Roses Match', the original Wars of the Roses were between
two cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet: the houses of York and Lancaster (and their respective supporters). They had little or no
connection with the actual counties, and (unless I'm much mistaken) to represent the Wars of the Roses as Lancashire folk fighting
Yorkshire folk – as people often do – is well wide of the mark.
They weren't even known as the Wars of the Roses (according to
Wikipedia) for more than a century after their conclusion; at
the time they were known as the Civil Wars. The wars extinguished the male lines of both dynasties, and the Lancastrian claim was inherited
by the Tudor family. Following the war, the Houses of Tudor and York were united, when Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York (daughter of
Edward IV, and sister of Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury – the 'Princes in the Tower'). A new royal dynasty was thus created,
and the rival claims were resolved.
First battle of the Wars of the Roses (22 May 1455) |
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St. Albans (1st battle of) |
Commander of the Lancastrian troops, killed in the above battle; his son (Henry, the 3rd Duke) led at Wakefield,
2nd St. Albans and Towton |
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Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset |
The second battle of the Wars of the Roses, and the first major one – fought near Market Drayton,
Shropshire, but actually in Staffordshire – Sept. 1459 |
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Blore Heath |
30 December 1460: Richard, 3rd Duke of York – father of Edward IV and Richard III, and Henry
VI's rival for the throne – was killed (near his stronghold at Sandal
Castle) |
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Wakefield |
29 March 1461 (Palm Sunday): fought near Selby, North Yorkshire; said to be the bloodiest battle ever fought on
British soil; ended in a decisive victory for the Yorkists under the future Edward IV
|
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Towton |
14 April 1471: a decisive victory for the Yorkists under Edward IV: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
– known as 'the Kingmaker', and on this occasion leader of the
Lancastrian forces – was killed was killed |
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Barnet |
4 May 1471: a further decisive Yorkist victory, at which Prince Edward, heir to Henry VI, was killed;
along with the previous conflict, this secured the throne for Edward IV
|
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Tewkesbury |
Last battle of the Wars of the Roses: Henry Tudor (Lancastrian) defeated Richard III who was killed;
Henry took the throne as Henry VII |
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Bosworth Field (1485) |
Various (1513–71)
English name for Guinegatte (1513, Henry VIII beat the French) |
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Battle of the Spurs |
1520: Henry VIII met Francis I of France on the |
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Field of the Cloth of Gold |
1555 treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League (a defensive alliance of Lutheran
princes within the Holy Roman Empire): authorised rulers of the 225 German states to compel their subjects to follow either Catholicism or
Lutheranism |
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Peace of Augsburg |
Fought in the Gulf of Corinth, in 1571: the Ottoman (Turkish) fleet was defeated by a combined Spanish and
Italian fleet, marking the end of the Ottoman supremacy in the Mediterranean |
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Lepanto |
Spanish Armada (1588)
Set fire to the Spanish fleet at Cadiz, 1587 – "singed the King of Spain's beard" |
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Francis Drake |
Commander of the Spanish Armada |
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Duke of Medina Sedonia |
Commander of the English fleet against the Armada |
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Lord Howard of Effingham |
Flemish port (then in the Spanish Netherlands, now in France) where the English fleet gained a significant victory
over the Armada on 8 August 1588 |
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Gravelines |
Thirty Years War (1618–48)
Event of 1618 that is said to have prompted the Thirty Years' War
|
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Defenestration of Prague |
French city besieged by Louis XIII's chief minister Cardinal Richelieu, 1627–8
|
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La Rochelle |
Major German city, sacked and destroyed in 1631 by the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic League,
resulting in around 20,000 deaths; much of the city remained rubble until at least 1720 |
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Magdeburg |
King of Sweden, confirmed as a great tactical leader by his victory at the first Battle of Breitenfeld
(1631); killed the following year during the Battle of Lützen |
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Gustavus Adolphus (Gustav II Adolf) |
Collective name for the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück (which ended the Thirty Years War in 1648) |
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Peace of Westphalia |
English Civil War (1642–51)
At the start of the war (22 August 1642), Charles I raised his standard at |
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Nottingham |
Nickname of Cromwell's troopers |
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Ironsides |
Nephew of Charles I, who commanded Royalist cavalry; later became the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay
Company; an uncle of George I (but died in 1682, 32 years becore the latter came to the throne)
|
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Prince Rupert of the Rhine |
Commander–in–Chief of Parliamentary forces, including the New Model Army |
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Sir Thomas Fairfax |
23 Oct 1642: first battle of (Charles I v the Earl of Essex; indecisive) – named after a hamlet
and escarpment in Warwickshire |
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Edge Hill |
City where Charles made his headquarters, after he was forced to retreat there following a
stand–off at Turnham Green (Chiswick, London) in November 1642 |
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Oxford |
2 July 1644: the bloodiest battle of the war; 27,000 Parliamentarians defeated 18,000 Royalists,
near York, securing the North of England |
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Marston Moor |
14 June 1645: Charles I's final and decisive defeat, and the first victory of Fairfax's New Model Army;
Cromwell and Fairfax defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert |
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Naseby |
17 August 1648: Fought largely in the village of Walton–le–Dale; Cromwell's victory effectively
ended the Second Civil War |
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Preston |
3 Sep 1651: Cromwell's final victory in the Third Civil War (now usually known as the Anglo–Scottish
War), against the future Charles II (who famously hid in an oak tree while making his escape) |
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Worcester |
Kentish Knock (1652), Lowestoft (1665), Sole Bay (1672): Britain vs. |
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Holland |
Last major battle on English soil – fought in Somerset |
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Sedgemoor (1685) |
Sedgemoor was the final and decisive engagement between the Government forces of James II and rebels led by |
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James Scott, Duke of Monmouth |
Ottoman–Habsburg Wars (1526–1791)
Despite lasting for more than a quarter of a millennium, these wars are rarely mentioned in school history lessons in the UK. In quizzing
circles they are relevant in reference to one particular event:
The largest cavalry charge in European (if not world) history occurred in 1683 when 20,000 Polish, Austrian and
German troops led by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski, and spearheaded by 3,000 heavily–armed Polish hussars, charged the Ottoman lines
during the siege of |
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Vienna |
Jacobite Wars (1685–1746)
Jacobite victory near Edinburgh in 1745; took place in the village of Gladsmuir, and is sometimes (or was
historically) known by that name |
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Prestonpans |
Leader of the English troops at Prestonpans |
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Sir John Cope |
16 April 1746: final defeat of Bonnie Prince Charlie's '45' rebellion; fought on Drumossie Moor,
4 miles east of Inverness; the last major (pitched) battle to be fought on British soil |
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Culloden |
Leader of the Government troops at Culloden |
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Duke of Cumberland |
War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)
13 August 1704: Marlborough's greatest victory, fought on the Danube to prevent a Franco–Bavarian
thrust on Vienna; also known as the Second Battle of Hochstadt |
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Blenheim |
23 May 1706: Marlborough defeats the French under Villeroi |
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Ramillies |
30 June to 11 July 1708: Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy defeat the French under the Dukes of
Burgundy and Vendome |
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Oudenarde |
11 Sep 1709: Marlborough and Eugene defeat the French under Villars |
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Malplaquet |
1713 treaty: ended the War of the Spanish Succession |
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Utrecht |
War of the Austrian Succession (1740–8)
27 June 1743: George II became the last British sovereign to lead his troops into battle |
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Dettingen |
Leader of British naval forces in the War of Jenkins' Ear: gave his nickname 'Old Grog' to the
navy's favourite tipple |
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Admiral Edward Vernon |
1748 treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession |
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Aix–la–Chapelle |
Seven Years War (1756–63)
Britain's allies against France, Austria and Russia |
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Prussia |
City captured by the British following the storming
of the Plains (or Heights) of Abraham (1759) |
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Quebec |
British general who died in the above action |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
James Wolfe |
French general who died in the same action |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Montcalm |
American War of Independence (1775–83)
The American War of Independence is known in the USA as the American
Revolutionary War.
19 April 1775: the first skirmishes in the American War of Independence; remembered on Patriots' Day
(traditionally on the 19th, but since 1969 on the third Monday in April) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Lexington, Concord |
19 April 1775: one of the first battles in the War of Independence; commemorated in Ralph Waldo Emerson's
poem, which includes the famous line "the shot heard round the world" |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Concord |
17 June 1775: often described as the first major (or pitched) battle of the war; British troops capture the
Charlestown peninsula (near Boston) following a Pyrrhic victory |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Bunker Hill |
River crossed by Washington and his troops on the night of Christmas Day 1776 – surprising British troops
and resulting in a victory at Trenton on the 26th |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Delaware |
11 September 1777: decisive British victory at the Battle of Brandywine (Saratoga) led to the occupation of |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Philadelphia |
US Naval captain who sacked Whitehaven on 23 April 1778 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
John Paul Jones |
Last battle in the American War of Independence – a decisive victory for the combined American and French
forces; prompted a successful vote of no confidence against prime minister Lord North, who subsequently resigned |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Yorktown (1781) |
Leader of the US troops in the above battle |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
George Washington |
... and the leader of the British troops that surrendered there |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Cornwallis |
US soldier who plotted to betray West Point to the British |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Benedict Arnold |
1783 treaty that ended the American War of Independence |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Treaty of Paris |
Last battle between Britain and the United States (1815) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
New Orleans |
General and future president, led the US troops in the above battle; commemorated in a famous square in the
city's French Quarter |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Andrew Jackson |
9–12 April 1782: a British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeated a French fleet under the Comte
de Grasse (who is captured), forcing the French and Spanish to abandon a planned invasion of Jamaica; its French name translates as the
Battle of Dominica, but it's known to the British by the name of a group of islands between Guadeloupe and Dominica |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Battle of the Saintes |
The British in the Far East (1757–1860)
23 June 1757: victory for the army of the British East India Company under Robert Clive over the Nawab of Bengal,
which led to British control over Bengal and eventually the whole of India |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Plassey (Palashi – rhymes with marshy) |
23 September 1803: early victory for Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Assaye |
Controversial commodity that caused two wars between Britain and China in the mid–19th century (1839–42
and 1856–60) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Opium |
Scottish general who led the suppression of the Indian mutiny in 1857 (later
ennobled as Lord Clyde) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Sir Colin Campbell |
Napoleonic Wars
French marshal, nicknamed "the Bravest of the Brave" by Napoleon after the retreat from Moscow, when
he was said to be the last Frenchman to leave Russian soil |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Michel Ney |
14–15 Jan 1797: a key victory in Napoleon's early campaign against Austria in Italy; gave its name to
one of Paris's most fashionable shopping streets (also known for its hotels and restaurants) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Rivoli |
2 Dec 1805: probably Napoleon's greatest victory, when French forces defeated a much larger
combined army of Austria and Russia – known as the Battle of the Three Emperors |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Austerlitz |
16 January 1809 (Peninsular War): French victory over the British under Sir John Moore, who was
fatally wounded and buried there |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Corunna |
7 September 1812: the principal battle of Napoleon's Russian campaign, paving the way for his
march on Moscow; 75 miles west of Moscow, a Pyrrhic victory for Napoleon |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Borodino |
16–19 October 1813: the culmination of the German Campaign – a.k.a. the Battle of the
Nations; Napoleon's first decisive defeat in battle |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Leipzig |
Chateau Hougoumont (a large farmhouse) was a strategic landmark at |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Waterloo |
Hamlet that gave its name, meaning a crossroads, to a preliminary engagement to the above – fought two days
before it |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Quatre Bras |
Title of Henry William Paget (later created the Marquess of Anglesey) – commander of the British cavalry
at Waterloo, and second–in–command to Wellington: lost a leg to one of the very last shots fired in the battle
|
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Earl of Uxbridge |
Prussian commander at Waterloo |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Blücher blucher |
Nelson
Lost the sight in his right eye in 1794, when hit by stones and other debris at |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Calvi, Corsica |
Lost his right arm in 1797, after being hit by a musket ball at |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Santa Cruz de Tenerife |
Commander of the British Mediterranean fleet, 1796–9, under whom Nelson served; created Earl
of St. Vincent after the battle of that name |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Admiral John Jervis |
August 1798: Nelson routed the French squadron in Aboukir Bay |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Battle of the Nile |
"I really do not see the signal" Nelson (putting the telescope to his blind eye, to avoid
seeing an order to disengage): at (1801) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Copenhagen |
Battle named after a headland in southern Spain (approx. midway between Cadiz and the southernmost point) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Trafalgar |
At Trafalgar, the British fleet defeated those of |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
France |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Spain |
Commander of the French fleet at Trafalgar |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Pierre–Charles Villeneuve |
Commander of HMS Victory (Nelson's flag captain) at Trafalgar |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Thomas Hardy |
Nelson's second–in–command at Trafalgar, took command of the British fleet after
Nelson's death |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Collingwood |
After his death, Nelson's body was preserved in a barrel of |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Brandy (not rum) |
Date of the Battle of Trafalgar |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
21 October 1805 |
Number of British ships lost at Trafalgar |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
None |
20 October 1827: the last major naval battle fought entirely by sailing ships (during the Greek War
of Independence: Britain, France and Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire and Egypt) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Navarino (Bay) |
Crimean War (1853–6)
Britain, France, Turkey and Piedmont–Sardinia opposed |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Russia |
20 September 1854: the first battle of the Crimean War; began with the landings of British and French
troops at Calamita Bay |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Alma |
25 October 1854: the phrase "the thin red line" was coined for the 93rd Highland Regiment,
after it broke up a Russian attack at |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Balaclava |
Charge of the Light Brigade (673 took part, 272 died) |
The Battle of Balaclava was caused by a Russian attempt to break the siege of (naval base on the Black Sea) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Sevastopol |
Commander of British forces (including Balaclava) |
|
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Lord Raglan |
Commander of the British Cavalry |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Lord Lucan |
Commander of the Light Brigade, ordered by Lord Lucan (acting on an order from Lord Raglan, but
probably misinterpreting it) to lead the Charge of the Light Brigade |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Lord Cardigan |
5 November 1854: heroic British–French victory; known as 'The Soldier's Battle', in
reference to the ferocity of the fighting, the importance of the role of battalions, companies and even smaller parties of men, and the
isolation of the soldiers who were thrown onto their own initiative by foggy conditions |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Inkerman |
Suburb of Istanbul where Florence Nightingale established a hospital (name used in English)
|
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Scutari |
Roger Fenton went to Crimea – some say he was encouraged by such as Prince Albert and the
Secretary of State for War, the Duke of Newcastle – and is often described as the first accredited |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
War Photographer |
American Civil War (1861–5)
Name given to the eleven states that opposed the Union |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Confederacy |
Number of Confederate states |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
11 |
President of the Confederacy, through out the war; imprisoned for two years after it; previously
(from 1857) leader of the Southern Democrats in the Senate |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Jefferson Davis |
The first shots in the American Civil War were fired at |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Fort Sumter |
... in the harbour of (city) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Charleston |
Town in West Virginia, at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers (at the junction of Maryland,
Virginia and West Virginia) famous for John Brown's raid on the armoury there in October 1859
|
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Harpers Ferry |
2 July 1861: the first pitched battle in the American Civil War, at which Thomas 'Stonewall'
Jackson earned his nickname (named after a stream near Washington DC); also 29 August 1862 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Bull Run |
Confederates' name for the above two battles – after the city near which they were fought |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Manassas |
6–7 April 1862: the bloodiest engagement of the Civil War up to that point, with 23,000 casualties –
nearly twice as many as the previous major battles of the war combined. It began when the Confederate Army launched a surprise attack on
Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant in southwestern Tennessee. After initial successes, the Confederates were unable to hold their
positions and were forced back, resulting in a Union victory. Also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, its better–known name is
that of a small church that Grant's troops were camped around |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Shiloh |
December 1862: one of the most one–sided battles in the war – Burnside's Union forces
suffer terrible casualties in futile frontal attacks on Confederate defenders under Robert E. Lee |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Fredericksburg |
1–3 July 1863: often cited as the turning point of the war, involved the largest number of
casualties; famous for Abraham Lincoln's address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery there four months later |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Gettysburg |
5–7 May 1864: the first, inconclusive battle of Ulysses S. Grant's Virginia Overland Campaign
against Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Battle of the Wilderness |
Virginia community where confederate forces surrendered |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Appomattox Court House |
Union general, captured Atlanta in September 1864 after a 4–month siege; burned it to the ground
10 weeks later |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
William Tecumseh Sherman |
Accidentally shot by his own troops at Chancellorsville, 1863 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
'Stonewall' Jackson |
Confederate general who surrendered at Appomattox;
nicknamed 'the King of Spades' early in the war, for his obsessive digging
of trenches around the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, and 'Granny' for
his timid style of command at the Battle of Cheat Mountain (September 1861) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Robert E. Lee |
Union general who accepted Lee's surrender |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Ulysses S. Grant |
Nickname for a confederate soldier |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Johnny Reb(el) |
The Wild West (battles of)
The Alamo
The 13–day siege and battle of the Alamo Mission began on (date) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
23 February 1836 |
Mexican General who besieged the Alamo |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Santa Anna |
The Alamo was in (Texas city) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
San Antonio, Texas |
Custer's Last Stand
River that gave its name to the battle known to the Native Americans (Lakota) as the Battle of Greasy Grass Creek,
and to 'European' Americans as Custer's Last Stand |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Little Bighorn |
Date of the above battle, when 700 US troops under Custer were massacred by 3,000
Dakota under Crazy Horse, inspired by the leadership and visions of Sitting
Bull |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
25 June 1876 |
The battle site is now in (state) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Montana |
Other
Last major pitched battle between native Americans & US Cavalry (1890) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Wounded Knee |
Italian War of Independence
1859: the last major battle in world history where all the armies involved were under the personal command of
their heads of state; the French under Napoleon III, and the Sardinians under Victor Emmanuel II, defeated the Austrians under Franz Josef;
witnessed by Swiss businessman Henri Dunant, inspiring him to found the International Red Cross |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Solferino |
Lombardy town where a combined French and Sardinian force defeated a much larger Austrian army, in 1859 –
the battle gave its name to a colour |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Magenta |
Led the French troops to victory at Magenta; created Duke of Magenta by Napoleon; later became the first
President of the Third French Republic (1873–9). His ancestors had emigrated from Ireland in the reign of James II to escape the
Penal Laws |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Patrice de Mac–Mahon |
Led 1,000 Italian patriots in the conquest of Sicily and Naples, 1860 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Giuseppe Garibaldi |
The British in Africa (etc.)
1838: 470 Boer 'Voortrekkers' (Pioneers) fought off 15,000 Zulus – killing 3,000 of them and
suffering only three injuries; its anniversary (16 December) is now a public holiday in South Africa, known as the Day of Reconciliation |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Battle of Blood River |
Zulu War (1879): Comander–in–chief of British forces |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Lord Chelmsford |
Leader (king) of the Zulu nation during the Anglo–Zulu war |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Cetshwayo |
22 January 1879: the first major engagement of the Anglo–Zulu war, ending in Britain's worst defeat
by a colonial force |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Isandlwana |
22–23 January 1879: mission station and temporary garrison, defended by 139 British soldiers of the 24th
(2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot (later known as the South Wales Borderers) against over 4,000 Zulus, following the British defeat at
Isandlwana earlier on the 22nd – immortalised in the 1964 film Zulu |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Rorke's Drift |
VCs won at Rorke's Drift (more than any other single military action) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
11 |
British general murdered at Khartoum, 1885, after a 10–month siege by the Mahdi's army |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Charles George Gordon |
Minor battle of the Mahdist War (30 December 1885), noted as the last battle in which British soldiers certainly
fought in red coats |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Battle of Ginnis (Gennis) |
City on the White Nile, opposite Khartoum, where Kitchener defeated the Mahdi in 1898 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Omdurman |
Defeated by Britain in the shortest war ever (38 minutes, 1896)
|
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Zanzibar |
1880: Ayub Khan inflicts the British army's biggest defeat of the Second Afghan War; Sherlock Holmes's
collaborator Dr. Watson was said to have been injured; a 19–year–old girl called Malalai (after whom the Pakistani Nobel laureate
Malala Yousafzai was named) rallied local fighters and has been credited with the victory; she was killed, but became a national hero (as did
Ayub Khan) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Maiwand |
Boer Wars
First Boer War |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
1881 |
Second Boer War |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
1899 – 1902 |
Chief of Staff, British forces |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Lord Kitchener |
Town in Transvaal, besieged by Boers from 13 Oct 1899 to 17 May 1900 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Mafeking |
Led the defence of Mafeking |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Robert Baden–Powell |
Town in Natal, besieged by Boers from 30 Oct 1899 to 28 Feb 1900 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Ladysmith |
Led the relief of Ladysmith |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
General Redvers Buller |
Battle of the Second Boer War: name lives on in many football grounds (most famously Anfield, Liverpool) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Spion Kop (1900) |
Treaty of 1902 that ended the Second Boer War |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Vereeniging |
Spanish–American War (1898)
The ten–week Spanish–American War was fought over the independence of (USA intervened in its war of
independence from Spain) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Cuba |
Treaty that ended the Spanish–American War: Spain gave up its rights to Cuba, surrendered Puerto Rico and
Guam to the United States, and also surrendered the Philippines for a payment of $20 million |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Treaty of Paris |
Russo–Japanese War (1904–6)
1905: the final, decisive battle of the Russo–Japanese war – a.k.a. the Battle of the Japan Sea;
after sailing 18,000 miles to get there, the Russian fleet suffered a devastating defeat; described as "by far the greatest and the
most important naval event since Trafalgar" |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Tsushima (Strait) |
Russo–Japanese War: ended by the Treaty of |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Portsmouth (USA) |
Russian Civil War (1917)
Russian Civil War |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
1917 |
Commander of the Red armies; deported 1929 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Trotsky |
World War I (1914–18)
See separate file.
War between Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932–5 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Chaco War |
Spanish Civil War (1936–9)
Chief of Staff of the Spanish Army, 1936 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Francisco Franco |
German aircraft unit sent by Hitler to help Franco |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Condor Legion |
Spanish city destroyed by the German air force in 1937 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Guernica |
Volunteers from different countries who fought against Franco's Nationalists (said to be 32,000 people from
53 countries) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
International Brigades |
July–Nov 1938: the last major Republican offensive of the Spanish Civil war – the final defeat of the
International Brigades; named after the country's most voluminous river, which flows into the Mediterranean at the southernmost
extremity of Catalonia |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Battle of the Ebro |
World War II (1939–45)
See World War II (Index).
Opposed the Soviet Union in the so–called Winter War, 1939–40 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Finland |
Commander of the Arab Legion, 1939 – 56 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
(Sir John) Glubb Pasha |
Korean War (1950–3)
Parallel that was the focus of activity |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
38th |
Commander of the United Nations forces |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Gen Douglas MacArthur |
Name given to the hill formerly known as Hill 235, in recognition of the regiment that made a heroic last stand
there during the Battle of the Imjin River, in April 1951 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Gloster Hill |
The armistice was signed (on 27 July 1953) at |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Panmunjom |
Suez (1956)
Prompted by Egypt nationalising the Suez Canal to raise funds for the |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Aswan Dam |
Cuba
1958: city captured by revolutionary forces under Che Guevara, leading within hours to Batista's flight and
Castro's overall victory in the Cuban revolution |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Santa Clara |
Bay of Pigs |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
17 April 1961 |
Bay of Pigs: the attacking force was made up of |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Cuban exiles |
Vietnam
Decisive battle in the Indochina war of independence from France (1954) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Dien Bien Phu |
Start date of the Vietnam War, according to the US Government
|
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
1 November 1955 |
South Vietnamese village where US troops massacred between 347 and 504 unarmed men, women and children in 1968,
in what has been called "the most shocking episode of the Vietnam War" |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
My Lai |
US Army Lieutenant, found guilty of murdering 22 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in the My Lai massacre
|
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
William Calley |
Popular name for the North–South supply route in support of the Viet Cong |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Ho Chi Minh Trail |
Code name for carpet bombing of North Vietnam by the US air force |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Operation Rolling Thunder |
Word from the NATO phonetic alphabet, used by US troops to refer to the Viet Cong
|
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Charlie |
Name used in the American media for the fortified hill (Hill 937) controversially attacked and
captured (using infantry rather than firepower) by US troops in May 1969, and abandoned soon after – subject of a 1987 film |
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Hamburger Hill |
Capital of Vietnam from 1955 – later the capital of South Vietnam; its fall to the Viet Cong on
30 April 1975 ended the Vietnam War; renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976 |
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Saigon |
Various (1969–76)
The two countries that went to war over a football match in 1969
|
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El Salvador |
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Honduras |
Country that opposed the UK in the so–called 'Cod Wars' (1958–61, 1972–3
and 1975–6) |
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Iceland |
The Falklands (1982)
First island invaded by Argentine forces, before the Falklands |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
South Georgia |
Isolated volcanic island, roughly midway between the horn (easternmost point) of South America and Africa: used
as a staging post by the British Task Force, and by the RAF as a base to supply the Task Force |
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Ascension Island |
President of Argentina at the time of the Falklands War (in office from 22 December 1981 to 18 June 1982) |
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Leopoldo Galtieri |
Foreign Secretary who resigned over the Falklands crisis |
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Lord Carrington |
Defence secretary at the time of the Falklands crisis |
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John Nott |
Code name for the British military action to re–take the Falklands |
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Operation Corporate |
Col. 'H' Jones of 2–para won his posthumously–awarded VC at |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Goose Green |
High point near Port Stanley, successfully attacked by British forces on the night of 13–14 June 1982;
the battle and its aftermath were the subject of a 1988 BBC TV film starring Colin Firth |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Mount Tumbledown |
Welsh Guardsman, suffered horrific burns when the Sir Galahad was set on fire; subsequently set up a
charity to tackle issues facing young people |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Simon Weston |
Gulf War (1991)
US operation to defend Saudi Arabia from Iraqi invasion, July 1990 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Desert Shield |
Operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation, starting in January 1991 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Desert Storm |
Leader of the British troops |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
General Sir Peter de la Billiere |
Commander of coalition forces – nicknamed Stormin' Norman |
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Norman Schwarzkopf |
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Colin Powell |
Iraqi Foreign Minister (died 2015) |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Tariq Aziz |
Soviet tactical ballistic missiles used by Iraqi forces |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Scud |
American anti–missile missiles, used (with limited success) to intercept Scuds |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Patriot |
Bosnia (1992–5)
Popular name(s) for the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzogovina (1995): after the US city
near the US Air Force at which negotiations took place |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Dayton Accord(s) or Dayton Agreement |
Iraq, etc. (2003–)
Code word for the US/UK air attacks on Iraq, December 1998 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Desert Fox |
Operation Red Dawn (2003) led successfully to the capture of |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Saddam Hussein |
First living recipient of a VC since 1969 – for twice saving the lives of the members of his unit in
Iraq in 2004 |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Pte. Johnson Beharry |
Prison near Baghdad, where accounts of torture of Iraqi prisoners by US army personnel, beginning in 2004, were
found to be at least partially true |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Abu Ghraib |
Afghanistan (2001–)
Cave system in eastern Afghanistan (near the Khyber Pass) attacked by US forces in December 2001 in the belief
that Osama bin Laden was hiding there |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Tora Bora |
US attack on al–Quaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan, March 2003: code name |
![Click to show or hide the answer Click to show or hide the answer](../Query4.jpg) |
Operation Anaconda |
© Haydn Thompson 2017–23