Religion: History

Founders

The only difference between this section and the next is that in this one the answer is the founder, whereas in the next section the answer is the church, religion or sect. I'm not sure that there's any rationale behind the split; it probably just depends which way round I've heard the question asked in the past, or which way seems more logical.

Founder of the Salvation Army		William Booth
Founder of the Congregational Church		Robert Brown
Founder of the Church Army (born 1847)		Wilson Carlile
Founder of the First Church of Christ Scientist, 1866 (Christian Scientists)		Mary Baker Eddy
Founder of the Society of Friends (Quakers)		George Fox
Leader of the Branch Davidian Sect, Waco, Texas		David Koresh
Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)		St. Ignatius Loyola
Founder of the Mormon Church (received the Book of Mormon from the prophet of that name)		Joseph Smith
Succeeded Joseph Smith as leader of the Mormon church; led the trek to Utah		Brigham Young

Churches

Founded by John Thomas		Christadelphians
Founded in New York, 1966, by Swami Prabhupada		Hare Krishna Sect
Founded by Charles Russell		Jehovah's Witnesses
Grew out of a movement started within the Church of England, in the mid–18th century, by brothers John and Charles Wesley, and George Whitfield		Methodism
Founded in Dublin in 1827 by Nelson Derby		Plymouth Brethren
Founded by Marcus Garvey		Rastafarianism
Founded in 1952 by L. Ron Hubbard (previously known as a writer of science fiction and fantasy stories), as a development of the self–help system that he called Dianetics		Scientology
Founded in 1747, when James and Jane Wardley, from Bolton (et al) broke away from the Quakers; became known as the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing; in 1770, Ann Lee of Manchester was "revealed" to be the second coming, and became known as Mother Ann; she led eight of her followers to New York in 1774		Shakers
Founded in 1469 by Guru Baber Nanak		Sikhism
Formed in 1972 by the amalgamation of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches		United Reform Church

Other

The year of three popes (Paul VI died 6 August, John Paul I elected 26 August and died 28 September, John Paul II elected 16 October)			1978
Campaign fought by the Catholic Church against the Cathars (who believed in two gods – one of the world, representing power, and one of pure spirit, representing love) in the Languedoc, 1209–29			Albigensian Crusade
Movement that developed in 19th century Britain in opposition to the Liberal Party's efforts to end the Church of England's position as the official state church			Antidisestablishment–arianism
Greco–Roman city in modern Turkey – now known as Antakya; known as "the Cradle of Christianity"; the place where (according to the book of Acts) followers of Jesus were first referred to as Christians			Antioch
First state to adopt Christianity as its religion (300 AD)			Armenia
Seat of the Papacy, 1309–77			Avignon
Siddharta Gautama (563 – 484 BC)			Buddha
French Protestant leader in the Reformation (16th century); infamous for his role in the execution of Michael Servetus			John Calvin (Jean C(h)auvin)
Order of monks founded 1086 by St. Bruno			Carthusians
Only saint canonised by the Church of England and not the Catholic Church			Charles I
(Probably) the first Christian emperor of Rome: son of St. Helena, but resisted Christianity as a youth; converted following his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 312; proclaimed religious tolerance 313. (Christianity was finally made the official religion of the empire by Theodosius I in 380)			Constantine
Archbishop who wrote most of the Book of Common Prayer			Thomas Cranmer
1521: Luther defended his 95 Theses (against the Papal Legates) at the			Diet of Worms
1685: Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, causing many protestants to leave France			Edict of Fontainebleau
1598: Henry VI of France granted freedom of worship to protestants			Edict of Nantes
18th–century religious revival in the American colonies, inspired by the preaching of George Whitfield			The Great Awakening
Name (of obscure origin) given to French Calvinists (members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France) in the 16th and 17th centuries			Huguenots
Two periods (730–787 and 814–842) when Byzantine emperors, backed by leaders of the Greek Orthodox church, banned religious images			Iconoclasm
Scottish island on which St. Columba established a monastery in AD 563			Iona
Members of the Society of Jesus (an evangelical movement founded in 1540 by St. Ignatius Loyola) – of whom Pope Francis is one – are commonly known as			Jesuits
Founder of the Church of Scotland; author of the pamphlet First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558)			John Knox
16th century followers of the 14th century dissident John Wycliffe, regarded as a precursor to the Protestant Reformation – not a cohesive movement; name probably derives from a word meaning 'uneducated'			Lollards
Popular name (among Orthodox Christians) for the Image of Edessa, claimed to be a likeness of Jesus made in his lifetime			Holy Mandylion
Before founding the Salvation Army, William Booth was a minister of the			Methodist Church
Venue of the Church Councils of 325 and 787 AD; the eponymous Creed was drawn up and the date of Easter was set			Nicea
19th-century movement based on High Church ritual, led by John Henry Newman and John Keble			Oxford Movement
Once known as the Separatists			Pilgrim Fathers
Founded 1810 with meetings on Mow Cop, a hill near Stoke–on–Trent			Primitive Methodism
Began in the East End of London, in 1865, as either the East London Christian Mission or the Christian Revival Society (sources disagree)			Salvation Army
English movement of the 16th and 17th centuries, advocating the running of each church by its own congregation – to which the founders of the first American colony (a.k.a. the Pilgrim Fathers) belonged			Separatism
Spanish theologian, denounced as a heretic by Calvin and burnt at the stake in Geneva, 1553			Michael Servetus
Movement started in Manchester 1772 by Ann Lee, as a branch of the Quakers			Shakers
Used (according to tradition) by St. Patrick to explain the doctrine of the Holy Trinity			Shamrock
Worn by pilgrims in mediaeval Europe (especially to the shrine of St. James at Compostela, Spain)			Shell (cockle or scallop)
Mediaeval ascetics who lived at the top of pillars, believing that the mortification of their bodies would ensure the salvation of their souls			Stylites
German town, on the River Elbe, where the Protestant Reformation has been said to have begun in 1517, when Martin Luther nailed his '95 Theses' (against the sale of indulgences) to the door of All Saints' Church			Wittenberg

© Haydn Thompson 2017–24